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Middle east countries on map8/5/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() Today, the Arab League acts as a forum for discussing the main issues affecting Arab countries at any given time. One such organization is the League of Arab States or Arab League, which was formed in 1945 to promote the independence of the Arab countries that were still mostly under colonial rule at the time. The Arab countries have some associations dedicated to cooperation amongst them. Tunisia, however, became a democracy following the Arab Spring of 2011, though this democracy is still fragile. Historically, most have been governed as military dictatorships or one-party states. The other countries of the Arab world are republics. Saudi Arabia functions as an absolute monarchy. Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, for example, all have elected legislatures, though the authority of the monarchs in these countries always supersedes that of any elected body. Some of the monarchies in the Arab world do have some provisions for democratic governance. Some countries, including Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Bahrain, and Morocco have kings as their rulers. In the countries of Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, the heads of these monarchies are called emirs. Some Arab states, particularly those in the Persian Gulf, are governed by some form of monarchy. There are various types of political regimes in the Arab countries. The British plan for Palestine enraged the Arabs, and the clash between Jewish and Arab national aspirations would affect the future of the Middle East for a long time to come. The region of the Holy Land, dubbed Palestine, was also made a British mandate, with the intent to establish a Jewish national home therein. ![]() What would become Syria and Lebanon fell under French rule, while Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait were placed under British control. After WWI, however, the British and French reneged on their promise to give the Arabs of the Middle East independence, and instead, divided the region between themselves. In exchange for the promise of independence, Arab forces in the Arabian Peninsula helped the French and British conquer the Fertile Crescent. Indeed, the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula were a vital ally of the West against the Ottoman Turks during the war. World War I was the dawn of the Arab independence movement. On the eve of the First World War, France was in control of modern-day Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, while Italy controlled the territory of what would become Libya. The British wrested Egypt from the Ottomans in the late 19 th century. France began seizing control of what became the country of Algeria in the early 19 th century. Taking advantage of this decline were European colonial powers. By the late 16 th century, the Turkish Ottoman Empire controlled most of the Arab world, and would continue to rule it for the next two centuries.īy the early 19 th century, however, Ottoman rule in the Arab lands began to decline. From that point onward, several Turkic dynasties, including the Seljuks, Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans, governed parts of the Arab world. In the 11 th century, Turkic peoples from Central Asia began migrating into the Middle East. For the next three hundred years, the Arab lands of Northern Africa and the Middle East were governed by a succession of caliphates and other dynasties. ![]()
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